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1.
Rev. méd. Chile ; 142(10): 1284-1290, oct. 2014. tab
Article in Spanish | LILACS | ID: lil-731660

ABSTRACT

Background: Early HIV (human immunodeficiency virus) diagnosis optimizes therapies aimed at reducing viral load, increasing survival, lowering health costs and reducing the number of people infected with the virus. In Chile, despite widespread and readily available HIV testing, infected people continue to get tested in a late fashion and are usually diagnosed in advanced stages of the disease. Aim: To determine the elements that facilitate or impede a timely HIV testing and to evaluate how to improve the access to HIV testing. Material and Methods: Descriptive, in-depth interviews to 30 participants with unknown serology, 15 participants diagnosed at AIDS stage and 15 health care professionals working at a primary healthcare settings. Results: Users and professionals formulated three suggestions to improve timely access to ELISA test for HIV diagnosis. Namely, to inform users and professionals about the characteristics of the disease and diagnostic test, to offer fast and easy access to HIV testing, and to train the whole healthcare team about obtaining informed consent for testing. Conclusions: These recommendations should be implemented at healthcare centers to attain a timely HIV diagnosis.


Subject(s)
Adult , Aged , Female , Humans , Male , Middle Aged , Young Adult , HIV Infections/diagnosis , Health Services Accessibility/standards , Attitude of Health Personnel , Chile , Early Diagnosis
2.
Rev. méd. Chile ; 141(5): 582-588, mayo 2013. tab
Article in Spanish | LILACS | ID: lil-684365

ABSTRACT

Background: The success of educational interventions depends on the integration of educational programs into clinical practice. Aim: To determine the educational needs and perceived barriers of people living with HIV (PHIV) and their health care providers (HCP). Material and Methods: Qualitative study conducted in 60 PHIV and 10 HCP. For data collection, a semi-structured in-depth interview was applied, addressing the educational needs (content, methodology, person, time, physical location) and identified barriers to implement an educational program for PHIV Content analysis technique was used for data analysis. Results: PHIV and their HCP identified the same educational needs as the following: general-related content, psychological, sexual and secondary prevention aspects of the disease. Individual sessions with written material and web pages were identified as important resources to support education. Both PHIV and professionals expressed their willingness to participate in educational programs, but the most commonly identified barrier was lack of time. Conclusions: This study identifies the key elements to include in an educational program for Chilean PHIV from the user and professional perspective.


Subject(s)
Adult , Aged , Female , Humans , Male , Middle Aged , Young Adult , HIV Infections/therapy , Health Education , Health Personnel , Needs Assessment , Patient Education as Topic/methods , Qualitative Research
3.
Rev. otorrinolaringol. cir. cabeza cuello ; 73(1): 33-38, abr. 2013. tab, graf
Article in Spanish | LILACS | ID: lil-679040

ABSTRACT

Introducción: El virus de la inmunodeficiencia humana (VIH) y el Treponema pallidum comparten mecanismos de transmisión y tienen la potencialidad de cambiar el curso de la otra enfermedad. Entre el 1% y 13% de los pacientes infectados con VIH presentan serología positiva para sífilis o desarrollan la enfermedad durante la evolución. Ambas pueden causar un variado número de alteraciones cocleovestibulares. Objetivo: Describir los hallazgos otoneurológicos en pacientes infectados con VIH y con presentación de neurosífilis durante la evolución de su enfermedad. Material y método: Estudio transversal observacional en 10 pacientes VIH positivos con episodios de neurosífilis de la Unidad de Infectología del Hospital Sótero del Río. Se realizó consulta otorrinolaringológica y examen funcional del octavo par con video-óculo-nistagmografía. Resultados: Sesenta por ciento de los pacientes infectados con VIH y neurosífilis presentó síntomas cocleovestibulares, de los cuales todos presentaron alteraciones audiométricas, 50%% de la muestra, además, presentó alteraciones vestibulares de características periféricas. El síntoma más frecuente fue la hipoacusia (50%%). La alteración audiométrica más frecuente fue la hipoacusia sensorioneural bilateral asimétrica. No se observó predominancia de algún tipo de alteración vestibular. Ningún paciente presentó alteraciones centrales. Conclusión: La evaluación otorrinolaringológica debiera considerarse como de rutina para disminuir la discapacidad generada por patología otoneurológica en estos pacientes.


Introduction: The human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) and Treponema pallidum share transmission mechanisms and have the potentiality of changing one another courses. Between 1 and 13%% of HIV infected patients present positive serology for syphilis or develop this disease during the evolution of the HIV. Both can cause a wide range of cochleovestibular manifestations. Aim: To describe otoneurological findings in HIV patients with episodes of neurosyphilis during the course of the disease. Material and method: Observational transversal study with 10 HIVpositive patients with episodes of neurosyphilis registered in the Infectology Unit of Sótero del Río Hospital. They went under otolaryngologic consult and functional testing of vestibulochoclear nerve with videonystagmography. Results: 60%% of evaluated patients had cochleovestibular symptoms, all of them with audiometric alterations. 50% of the sample also showed vestibular abnormalities (peripheral disorders). The commonest symptom was hearing loss (50%%). The most frequent audiometric alteration was asymmetric bilateral neurosensorial hearing loss. We did not observe any kind of vestibular variation predominance. No patient presented central vestibular disease. Conclusions: The otolaryngologic evaluation should be considered as a routine exam to diminish the disability generated in these patients because of the acquired otoneurological disease.


Subject(s)
Humans , Male , Female , Adult , Middle Aged , Aged , Cochlear Diseases/virology , HIV Infections/complications , Vestibular Diseases/virology , Neurosyphilis/complications , Audiometry , Tinnitus , Vestibular Function Tests , Cochlear Diseases/physiopathology , Vestibular Diseases/physiopathology , Cross-Sectional Studies , Ear Diseases/virology , Coinfection , Observational Study , Hearing Loss
4.
Rev. chil. infectol ; 28(5): 440-460, oct. 2011. tab
Article in Spanish | LILACS | ID: lil-603084

ABSTRACT

The following guidelines for the diagnosis and treatment of opportunistic infections (OI) in adult HIV/AIDS patients represent the first approach to standardize the management of this patient group in Chile. The guidelines are based on scientific evidence. They intend to serve as a practical and easy-to-use tool for physicians during the process of selecting appropriate diagnostic tests and effective treatments for their patients. They also include the local experience in Chile related to OI in HIV/AIDS patients. Regular up-dates to include new scientific knowledge are proposed.


Las presentes guías de diagnóstico y tratamiento de infecciones oportunistas (IO) en el paciente adulto con VIH-SIDA representan una primera aproximación para homogenizar el manejo de estas personas en Chile. Estas guías están basadas en la evidencia científica y buscan ser un instrumento práctico y de fácil manejo para el médico clínico al momento de decidir por las pruebas diagnósticas y tratamientos más eficaces disponibles para sus pacientes. Rescata además las publicaciones y presentaciones chilenas respecto de IO y se propone su actualización periódica de acuerdo a los avances científicos que se vayan sucediendo.


Subject(s)
Adult , Humans , AIDS-Related Opportunistic Infections/diagnosis , AIDS-Related Opportunistic Infections/drug therapy , Chile
5.
Rev. chil. infectol ; 28(4): 363-368, ago. 2011. ilus
Article in Spanish | LILACS | ID: lil-603068

ABSTRACT

Infections due to non-typhi salmonellae (NTS) generally cause a mild and self-limited gastrointestinal disease. However, there have been reports of atypical and severe presentations in immunocompromised patients. We report the case of a male patient who consulted with a cervical mass. He was found to be HIV-positive and Salmonella Typhimurium was isolated in one blood culture and cervical mass tissue culture. We discuss the relevance of infections by NTS in immunodeficient patients because they present with more severe illness than normal population. We emphasize the importance of NTS bacteremia as a marker of underlying immunodeficiency. We present some localized infection sites reported in the literature and their relation with particular diseases. We discuss the future relevance that an early start of antiretroviral therapy (ART) may have in HIV patients with NTS acute bacteremia or focal infections. Because infections by NTS can be severe and highly lethal they must be considered in the differential diagnosis of causative organisms of localized infections and bacteremia in HIV patients.


Las infecciones por Salmonella no-Typhi (SNT) en general se tratan de cuadros gastrointestinales benignos y autolimitados en pacientes sin patología de base. Sin embargo, se han descrito presentaciones atípicas y más graves en pacientes con algún grado de compromiso inmunológico. Presentamos el caso de un paciente de sexo masculino el cual consultó por un tumor cervical de gran tamaño. Se diagnosticó infección por VIH y se aisló Salmonella Typhimurium en un hemocultivo y en un cultivo de tejido de masa cervical. Discutimos la importancia de las infecciones por Salmonella no Typhi en el grupo de pacientes con inmunosupresión debido a que presentan cuadros más graves que la población normal. Destacamos la importancia de la bacteriemia por Salmonella no Typhi como marcadoras de inmunosupresión subyacente. Presentamos algunos sitios de infección focal reportados en la literatura médica y su relación con algunas enfermedades particulares. Nos referimos a la importancia que podría tener en el futuro el inicio precoz de terapia anti-retroviral en pacientes con infección por VIH cursando bacteriemias o infecciones focales por Salmonella no Typhi. Debido a la gravedad y alta mortalidad que pueden presentar las infecciones por Salmonella no Typhi deben considerarse dentro del diagnóstico diferencial de microorganismos causantes de lesiones focales y bacteriemia en pacientes con infección por VIH.


Subject(s)
Adult , Humans , Male , AIDS-Related Opportunistic Infections/microbiology , Abscess/microbiology , HIV Seropositivity/microbiology , Salmonella Infections/microbiology , Salmonella typhimurium/isolation & purification , Neck
6.
Rev. chil. infectol ; 28(3): 238-247, jun. 2011. ilus, tab
Article in Spanish | LILACS | ID: lil-597594

ABSTRACT

Diagnosis of tuberculous meningitis (TBM) is always a challenge. We must give importance for duration of clinical manifestations. Cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) has own characteristic and it have to be control several times during the treatment. Adenosin deaminase with cut off more than 15 UI/mL and M. tuberculosis polymerase chain reaction in CSF are the most relevant diagnostic tests. Radiologic test gives diagnostic clues but do not confirm the diagnosis. In the future we can structure a score with all these elements to support the clinician in the diagnostic process. The treatment of TBM because of its high morbidity and high mortality has to be necessarily more intensive and prolonged and we must select drugs with a good penetration into the central nervous system (SNC). A therapeutic scheme with duration of 12 months with two phases is proposed, the diary phase during the first three months of treatment includes isoniacid, rifampicin, pirazinamid and ethambutol or moxifloxacin. Streptomycin must not be included due to own erratic SNC penetration and its known toxicity. The second twice a week phase has to be changed by a three times per week phase during 9 months and it must include isoniacid, rifampicin and pirazinamide. Dexamethasone is added during the first 6 weeks of treatment. Patients with HIV infection than required treatment with antiretroviral drugs have to start ART treatment when diary phase has finished and must not include protease or integrase inhibitors.


El diagnóstico de la meningitis tuberculosa (MTBC) es siempre un desafío. Debemos dar importancia a las manifestaciones clínicas y su duración. El análisis citoquímico del LCR tiene características propias y debe ser controlado varias veces durante el tratamiento. La adenosin deami-nasa con punto de corte > 15 UI/mL y la RPC para M. tuberculosis en LCR son las pruebas más relevantes. Las imágenes aportan elementos valiosos pero no establecen el diagnóstico por si solas. A futuro se puede estructurar un puntaje con todos estos elementos para apoyar al clínico en el proceso diagnóstico. El tratamiento de la MTBC, dada su alta morbilidad y mortalidad, necesariamente debe ser más intensivo y prolongado, y debemos seleccionar fármacos con buena penetración en el SNC. Se propone un esquema de 12 meses. La fase diaria debería durar tres meses e incluir isoniacida, rifampicina, pirazinamida y etambutol o moxifloxacina. Estreptomicina no debería ser incluida dada su mala penetración en el SNC y reconocida toxicidad. La fase de mantención debería ser trisemanal e incluir isoniacida, rifampicina y pirazinamida. Dexa-metasona debe administrarse durante las primeras seis semanas de tratamiento. En el caso de pacientes con infección por VIH que requieran iniciar TARV ésta debe ser aplazada para después de la fase diaria y no debería incluir inhibidores de proteasa e integrasa.


Subject(s)
Humans , Antitubercular Agents/administration & dosage , Tuberculosis, Meningeal/diagnosis , Tuberculosis, Meningeal/drug therapy , Clinical Protocols
7.
Rev. chil. infectol ; 26(6): 540-547, dic. 2009. tab, graf, ilus
Article in Spanish | LILACS | ID: lil-536834

ABSTRACT

Neurosyphilis follows a more aggressive and different clinical course in HIV-infected patients compared to patients with normal immunity. Two historical series of patients with a diagnosis of neurosyphilis between 1995 and 2008 were compared: they included a group of 15 patients with y and 28 patients without HIV infection. Probability of neurosyphilis in patients with positive serum VDRL was increased in patients infected with HIV comparedto HIV negative patients (OR: 62.37 IC:95 percent (32.1-119.1) p value:< 0,001). Predominant clinical manifestations in neurosyphilis in the HIV negative group were ocular abnormality, vascular encephalic and spinal cord lesions. In the HIV positive group, they were fever, ocular abnormalities and headache. There were no differences in cerebrospinal fluid characteristics between both groups. Neurosyphilis was diagnosed even in patients with blood VDRL of < 1:32, that happened in 17.8 percent of the HIV positive patients with blood and in 60 percent of t he HIV negative patients. Penicillin sodium given at dose ¡Ý than 18.000.000 IU/day IV during 14 days was the most common treatment. In patients with clinical neurosyphilis, 93 percent of HIV negative group, and 54.2 percent of HIV positive group had persistent neurological after-effects. Three HIV positive patients died due to causes not related to neurosyphilis.


Subject(s)
Adult , Aged , Female , Humans , Male , Middle Aged , Young Adult , AIDS-Related Opportunistic Infections/diagnosis , HIV Seronegativity , Neurosyphilis/diagnosis , AIDS-Related Opportunistic Infections/complications , AIDS-Related Opportunistic Infections/drug therapy , Anti-Bacterial Agents , Cohort Studies , Neurosyphilis/complications , Neurosyphilis/drug therapy , Penicillin G Benzathine/therapeutic use , Retrospective Studies , Syphilis Serodiagnosis , Young Adult
8.
Rev. chil. infectol ; 26(2): 156-161, abr. 2009. ilus, tab
Article in Spanish | LILACS | ID: lil-518474

ABSTRACT

Multidrug resistant Mycobacterium tuberculosis infection represents a new clinical challenge and it burdens threat. The association with HIV/AIDS makes very hard to treat these two co-infections. We present a patient of 30 years oíd whose HIV infection was diagnosed 4 years before, and acquired M. tuberculosis pericarditis without response to initial treatment because of a multidrug resistant TB strain. We describe the clinical management, outcome and final recovery of the patient. The epidemiology, diagnosis and treatment of TB pericarditis in HIV positive patients are reviewed.


La infección por Mycobacterium tuberculosis multi-resistente representa una nueva y grave amenaza. La asociación con infección por VIH/SIDA vuelve muy complejo el tratamiento exitoso de ambas infecciones. Presentamos el caso de un paciente de 30 años de edad, con cuatro años de diagnóstico de infección por VIH, que desarrolló una pericarditis por M tuberculosis sin una respuesta favorable inicial al tratamiento debido a que se trataba de una cepa multi-resistente. Se describe el manejo médico, evolución y recuperación final del paciente. Se revisa la epidemiología, diagnóstico y tratamiento de la pericarditis TBC en pacientes con infección por VIH.


Subject(s)
Adult , Humans , Male , AIDS-Related Opportunistic Infections/microbiology , Mycobacterium tuberculosis , Pericarditis, Tuberculous/microbiology , Tuberculosis, Multidrug-Resistant/microbiology , AIDS-Related Opportunistic Infections/diagnosis , AIDS-Related Opportunistic Infections/drug therapy , Antitubercular Agents/therapeutic use , Mycobacterium tuberculosis/drug effects , Mycobacterium tuberculosis/isolation & purification , Pericarditis, Tuberculous/diagnosis , Pericarditis, Tuberculous/drug therapy , Tuberculosis, Multidrug-Resistant/diagnosis , Tuberculosis, Multidrug-Resistant/drug therapy
9.
Rev. chil. infectol ; 20(4): 253-256, 2003. ilus
Article in Spanish | LILACS | ID: lil-387923

ABSTRACT

Se presenta el caso de un paciente de 45 años portador de VIH que desarrolló osteoporosis secundaria a 33 meses de exposición a sulfato de indinavir como parte de su terapia antiretroviral (TAR). Su manejo consistió en alendronato, calcio y vitamina D junto con modificación de su TAR: suspensión de indinavir e inicio de efavirenz. Luego de 16 meses de tratamiento se verificó un incremento en la densidad mineral ósea de 11 por ciento en promedio. No ocurrieron fracturas ni se constató efectos adversos o interacciones medicamentosas. Se revisa la literatura.


Subject(s)
Humans , Male , Adult , Alendronate/therapeutic use , Indinavir/adverse effects , Osteoporosis/chemically induced , Osteoporosis/drug therapy , Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome/drug therapy , Antiretroviral Therapy, Highly Active
10.
Rev. chil. infectol ; 20(supl.1): 74-79, 2003. tab
Article in Spanish | LILACS | ID: lil-387942

ABSTRACT

La resistencia antimicrobiana es un problema muy relevante en las unidades de terapia intensiva y se relaciona directamente con la mayor morbilidad, mortalidad y elevados costos que se generan en estas unidades. La rotación de antimicrobianos es una nueva herramienta en el combate de la resistencia. Existe evidencia en la literatura de su beneficio en la disminución de la emergencia de microorganismos resistentes pero la experiencia clínica no es suficiente aún y su aplicación implica todo un cambio en las normas y políticas hospitalarias obligando además a la participación comprometida de todo el estamento médico.


Subject(s)
Humans , Anti-Infective Agents , Infection Control/methods , Drug Resistance, Microbial , Intensive Care Units , Gram-Negative Bacterial Infections/prevention & control , Cross Infection/prevention & control , Practice Guidelines as Topic
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